Government, Democracy, Or Authoritarianism - 1552 Words

A government’s role in society is to rule over a community. It accomplishes this through setting laws or policies and there are several different types of government. However, the most powerful and prevalent world powers have all had one of the major types of government, democracy, communism or authoritarianism. All are very different in how they try to achieve the same goal of ruling over a group of people. A democracy is â€Å"a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections†. (â€Å"Definition of Democracy†). A democracy is a form of government that relies heavily on the input on the people it governs.†¦show more content†¦It was in 1958 when the democratic government that is recognized as modern day France, the 5th Republic, was created. (â€Å"France History†). France has always leaned towards creating a democratic government, and this is evident because the goal of the French Revolution was to install one such government. However, they have been plagued with a structurally weak government, overly powerful rulers, and extreme military conflict. All these reasons prevented France from creating a stable and strong democratic government. Communism is a fairly new idea of government. It was created by Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels and they discussed it in their book, The Communist Manifesto published in 1848. The idea of communism was to eliminate social classes and stop the oppression of the working class, proletariats, by the people who owns the means of production, bourgeoisies. All private ownership will be abolished and there would be no more class conflict. (â€Å"Communism and Computer Ethics†). An example of a communist nation was Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution. In the 1900’s, Russia began to industrialize. Because of this, they had a very large working class. The current ruler, Nicholas II, was already an unpopular ruler. After Russia lost to Japan in the Russo-Japanese War, the government split into two political parties, the communist Bolsheviks and the moderate Mensheviks. When World War 1 occurred, Russia was in a crisis. Their economy had collapsed soon after and they

Pressure from Peers Creates Teenage Pregnancy Essay

In my opinion, some of the main causes of teenage pregnancy are due to peer pressure from friends and fellow classmates who suggest that having sex during high school is normal casual behavior. There is pressure that suggest if you are not engaging in both oral and sexual intercourse, the belief is that something is wrong with you and the stigma of being a virgin is embarrassing and somehow wrong. Another cause is, but not limited to, unprotected sex (not wearing a condom or not being on birth control). This type of behavior is reckless and considered youthful lust or in some cases sexual deviance. According to Naomi Farber, author of Adolescent Pregnancy, some risk factors of teenage pregnancy are: †¢ Mothers are at risk of having low†¦show more content†¦Rather than regard this ambiguity as confusion or false consciousness, we should use it as a source-book to examine how women experience sexual desire, fantasy, and action† (Thompson, 1991). Love may another cause for teenage pregnancy or maybe the illusion of love verses lust. At the time my daughter’s mother and I felt like we were making love and her getting pregnant was a result of this. Once she missed menstrual cycle and after about two later and finally getting a pregnancy test two teenage kids were faced with the reality bringing another life into this world. Personally, nothing have ever frightened me more to this very day. My wife of twenty years (not my daughter’s mother) and I have two children of our own. To be a teenager faced with this decision was very overwhelming to say the least. I stated before as a young male I didn’t handled the teenage pregnancy well which ultimately made the situation ten times worse for the mother-to-be. I give the utmost credit to all young mothers that are faced with such a challenge of raising a child while basically being a child themselves. I thank GOD this situation has worked out fine. Our beautiful daughter is a college graduate with a good paying job and engaged to be married. Despite one of the statistics of the result of teenage parenting, she does not have any children of her own. Ironically this cause me to grow upShow MoreRelatedTeenage Pregnancy Essay1238 Words   |  5 Pageswhat most people say, or think, when they hear about the pregnancy of an adolescent girl. Early pregnancy, commonly referred to as teenage pregnancy, is an ongoing crisis throughout the world. However, the United States has the highest rates of teen pregnancy in the world. Since its peak in 1990, teen pregnancy rates have declined by hal f, but they are still fairly high. According to the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, â€Å"roughly one in four teens girls in the U.S. will getRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pageshighest rate of teenage pregnancy in the Caribbean followed by Guyana and Jamaica. 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In the end, the program needs adjustment, from its abstinence-only education, in order for it to effectively teach adolescences the consequencesRead MoreEssay on Sexually Active Teens1287 Words   |  6 Pagesand girls alike worry about their looks, grades, peer pressure, dating, and their futures. When sex is added to the mix, another layer of anxiety or concern can bring about more complications to an already overwhelmed teen. The consequences of becoming sexually active during adolescence can include pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and depression. One obvious consequence teens face when they become sexually active is pregnancy. Pregnancy at any age can be taxing on the body, and spiritRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy and the Media Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesThere is a great debate on whether or not mass media has an influence on teenage pregnancy. 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Arkansas should have more sex educationRead MoreTeen Pregnancy947 Words   |  4 PagesFACT SHEET WORLD POPULATION DAY 11 JULY 2008 Young People and Family Planning: Teenage Pregnancy DEFINITION Teenage pregnancy is defined as a teenage girl, usually within the ages of 13-19, becoming pregnant. The term in everyday speech usually refers to girls who have not reached legal adulthood, which varies across the world, who become pregnant. THE CURRENT SITUATION †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Half of the world’s population are under 25. Some 1.8 billion are aged 10-25, history’s largest generationRead MoreSociological Imagination Coined By Sociologist C. Wright Mills1138 Words   |  5 Pagesapplication of thought to ask sociological questions from familiar routines of daily life. According the Mills, the difference between â€Å"personal troubles† and â€Å"public issues† is that troubles occur within the range of an individual and immediate relationships while issues relates to public matters or arrangements of various institutions from the structured society (Mills 1959). A personal trouble that my friend once encountered was teenage pregnancy. She was only fifteen when this happened, totallyRead MoreHow Can Society Prevent and Avoid Unwanted Teenage Pregnancy?3437 Words   |  14 Pagesunwanted teenage pregnancy? Outline Topic: Teenage Pregnancy Can Be Overstepped. I. Introduction Due to increased number of teenage pregnancy today’s society should take serious steps to prevent it and improve the situation by supplying a better sexual education at home and at school by both their parents and teachers. II. Background Teenage pregnancy is a large and growing problem over the world especially now when people have more rights and freedom of choice. The main causes of teenage pregnanciesRead MoreSchools Providing Contraception For Children1530 Words   |  7 PagesContraception When a teenage girl sees that small pink plus sign on a pregnancy test, many things begin to run through her mind. â€Å"What am I going to tell my parents and boyfriend? How is this going to affect me? How will my friends and family react? What about my education and future? How did this happen to me? What could I have done to prevent this?† Most teenagers have sex without being protected. Whether they’re embarrassed or afraid of being seen, it results in a lot of teenage pregnancies. However, there

Steel Making Methods Free Essays

Steel Making Methods | Advantages| Disadvantages| Basic Oxygen Furnaces| * Very high production rates and low residual element * Does not burn fuel| * Good efficiency requires large amount of pig iron to continue production. * Requires costly filtering process due to high levels of pollutants produced. * High refurbishing costs. We will write a custom essay sample on Steel Making Methods or any similar topic only for you Order Now * High dependence on blast furnace/coking. | Electric Arc Furnaces| * Minimal emissions/pollution. * Filtering of scrap not necessary. * Easy temperature control. * Precise alloying. * Economical to use scrap metal. * Contamination free. * Simultaneous deep deoxidising and desulfurization actions. * Excessive electricity required. * Requires a steady supply of scrap metal * High transportation cost * Enclosures to reduce high sound levels * Dust collector  for furnace off-gas * Slag production * Cooling water demand * Heavy truck traffic for scrap, materials handling, and product| The first step in the process, is to make the steel itself. The most common method of steel making, constituting for over 60% of worldwide production uses a Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF). This process includes taking over 75% pig iron and reducing it to a low-carbon steel in an abundance of oxygen. The second type utilises Electric Arc Furnaces (EAFs). This involves melting up to 100% recycled scrap and reforming it using the heat produced from electrical arcs between highly charged electrodes. Figure 2 (right below): EAF Process Figure 2 (right below): EAF Process Figure 1 (left): BOF Process Figure 1 (left): BOF Process From the table above it is clear to see that without an established, effective transport system that allows for large amounts of scrap metal to be processed, the Basic Oxygen Method has fewer disadvantages. However, as TATA Steel already has an efficient system in place, the most feasible method would be using Electric Arc Furnaces. Despite initial costs, using EAFs save on energy and raw materials, making it more environmental and cost friendly in the long run. ‘Whilst a typical integrated (ie. BOF-route) steel mill today costs about $1100 per tonne of installed capacity, a medium-size EAF-route mini-mill today costs under $300 per tonne in terms of the initial capital outlay. ‘1 Casting Methods The next stage in the process is to shape the steel and this is done by casting. Casting involves allowing molten metal to be poured into a mould to it can cool and solidify into a desired shape. The two most common methods of casting are Ingot Casting and Continuous Casting. The first of which is a traditional method that has largely been discontinued in mass production since the 1950s. It involves moulding the steel into bars (or ingots) before being reshaped and treated. Continuous casting however misses out the ingot stage and skips straight to having the metal in the form of slabs, billets or blooms for subsequent rolling in the finishing mills. Figure 4 (left): Continuous Casting Process Figure 4 (left): Continuous Casting Process Figure 3 (left): Ingot Casting Process Figure 3 (left): Ingot Casting Process Because Continuous Casting is basically an â€Å"evolved† version of Ingot Casting, there are now little or no advantages of Ingot Casting. Continuous Casting is more advantageous because: * Reduced overall costs * Improved quality  of steel due to less variability in chemical composition both along the thickness and along the length and surface has fewer defects. * Increased yield, since it is not necessary to crop the ends of continuously cast slabs. Reduced energy costs  because the slabs are sent directly to hot rolling and do not require pits for reheating. Also, the thicknesses of continuously cast slabs are half the thickness of ingot castings and thus require lower energy for hot rolling. * Less pollution/emissions. * More amenability over the dimensions. Because of all this, the clearly logical method to use for mass production is Continuous Casting because for something as mass produced as Automotive Gears, the initial investment spent on start up costs would be quickly made up. Case Hardening Methods Case hardening crucial for steel components that are subjected to severe or continuous impacts, high temperatures and high pressures. It is a heat treatment process that produces the required attributes of a hard, wear and fatigue resistant surface layer whilst maintaining a tough, durable core that allows for high stress situations. These properties are achieved by altering the chemical, metallurgical and physical properties of the components exterior without affecting its more ductile interior. For gears, case hardening is required to prevent pitting and deformation of the gears teeth under cyclic stresses. This method is preferred to through hardening, which is the uniform hardening of the entire component, as hardened metal is relatively less ductile and although strong, would not offer the same degree of toughness desired at its core. There are several different case hardening techniques used in the manufacturing industry. The different methods determine which physical properties, (such as surface hardness, strength, ductility, case depth and wear resistance) the component gets. This can be done by altering temperatures, heat source, time period, and quench media. Carburising This is a diffusion-based process used on low-carbon or mild steels where a component is subjected to thermochemical phases. The component is packed in a carbon-rich environment at high temperatures, commonly between 870oC and 1010oC, for over a period of time until the carbon composition of the surface layer has chemically increased. At this stage the iron phase changes from ferrite to austenite, a state that is able to dissolve more carbon. The component is then quenched in water or a oil based solution, which is a rapid cooling process that produces a hard surface layer, where volume expansion on the surface is greater than the core thereby compressing the surface, locking the carbon atoms, transforming the iron phase to a martensitic state which ultimately improves its overall tensile and yield strength. This method requires the entire component to be heated and quenched, therefore protecting the component with a protective layer to case harden specific sections is necessary. There are two types of carburizing methods used in the manufacturing industries, namely atmosphere carburizing and vacuum carburising, the former being the more commonly used as it has the ability to produce high volume output and has lower capital equipment costs, while vacuum carburising offers a more uniform case depth which in turn reduces distortion as well as the ability to reach higher temperatures therefore reducing processing times. Induction Heating This is a process of passing an alternating current through a coil around the component to generate a magnetic field, where eddy currents are induced. This along with the resistivity of steel components generates heat, austenitising the surface of the component. The depth to which case hardening occurs is determined by the frequency of the current, such that lower frequencies creates a deeper hardened material. This method allows for localised case hardening of the gear tooth with its core material still unaltered. The gear surface is then similarly quenched in water or an oil based solution, transforming it to a martensite. Single-shot hardening is where the entire component is heated in one procedure whilst progressive hardening involves the heating and quenching processes progressively. Induction heating is a relatively fast process that offers accurate heating at precise sections, minimising distortion as well as causes minimal changes to the geometry of the gear, as well as faster cooling rates that creates harder surface layers. Figure 5 (left): Carburising Process Figure 5 (left): Carburising Process Figure 6 (right): Induction Heating Process Figure 6 (right): Induction Heating Process The Strength of Automotive Gears The simplest method of calculating the strength necessary of any gear is to consider the maximum load on the tip of a single gear tooth. The Lewis Equation can be used to calculate a relatively accurate minimum UTS needed from the steel tooth with non-complex dimensions. In the automotive industry, varieties of different steels are made specifically for different components in different vehicles. The steel grades used on conventional cars can generally withstand a minimum of 750MPa whereas motorsport and military vehicles are made with much more superior grades, some able to withstand up to 2050MPa. Hardenability Results Using SEP1664 The SEP1664 model can be used to find the hardness at a series of depths, following case hardening, for 11 different steel types. The Rockwell hardness (HRC) at a given depth is found using the following equation: HRC=a0+a1mC+a2mSi+a3mMn+a4mP+a5mS+a6mCr+a7mMo+a8mNi+a9mAl+a10mCu+a11mN+a12mB+a13mTi+a14mV a0-14 are coefficients available in the SEP1664 tables and mX is the mass proportion of additive X. A spreadsheet was created which used a VBA macro to find steel compositions that met the hardenability criteria by trial and error. Several percentage masses for each additive within the range specified by the SEP1664 tables were tested. Solutions were sorted in order of increasing raw material cost. This macro was run for each of the 11 steel types. Three steel types were found to be too hard. Of the remaining eight, there was sufficient data to evaluate hardness at all the required depths for four. For the other four it was possible to infer from the hardness trend that steel could be produced which was suitable for all depth levels. The cheapest result was for the steel type specified as being approximately 1% chromium by mass (tables 1a and 1b from the SEP1664 model) at $161. 67 per tonne. For this alloy the hardness at 11mm depth was borderline acceptable. The additives making the greatness contribution to hardness were determined so they could be varied to give a greater margin for error. The importance of each additive at each depth could be found from the equation by multiplying the coefficient by the additive amount (i. e. evaluating the relevant anmX term) and calculating its percentage contribution to the total hardness. The three most important additives for each depth level and the relative importance of the different additives at 11mm depth are shown in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. Table 2: The Three Most Important Additives In Terms Of Contribution To HRC For Each Depth Importance| 1. 5| 3| 5| 7| 9| 11| 13| 15| 20| 25| 30| #1| C| C| C| Cr| Cr| Cr| Cr| Cr| Cr| Cr| Cr| #2| Mn| Cr| Cr| C| C| C| C| C| C| C| C| #3| N| Mn| N| Mn| Mn| Mn| Mn| Mn| Mn| Mn| Mn| Table 3: Relative Additive Contributions To HRC At 11mm Depth C| Si| Mn| P| S| Cr| Mo| Ni| Al| Cu| N| 40. 1%| 0. 7%| 13. 9%| 0. 0%| 0. %| 40. 6%| 0. 0%| 0. 1%| 4. 3%| 0. 2%| 0. 0%| Adjusting the appropriate additives gave a greater margin for error for a small increase in cost ($2. 32 per tonne, total cost $163. 99 per tonne). The composition of this steel is shown in Table 3. A plot of HRC against depth is shown in Figure 1 along with the hardenability criteria, it can be seen that the hardness, which tends to decrease with depth following cas e hardening, is very unlikely to exceed the stipulated maximum hardness at the depths for which data is unavailable, no minimum hardness is stipulated for these depths. A Jominy test is recommended on a sample of this steel, once it has been manufactured, to ensure that the hardenability criteria are met. The amount of carbon, chromium and manganese must be controlled to within 3% of the given values, tight control is not necessary for other additives. Table 4: Chosen Steel Composition Additive| C| Si| Mn| P| S| Cr| Mo| Ni| Al| Cu| N| Amount| 0. 248%| 0. 02%| 0. 63%| 0. 004%| 0. 038%| 0. 947%| 0. 005%| 0. 010%| 0. 051%| 0. 017%| 0. 0148%| Figure 7: Hardenability Curve For Chosen Steel (Blue) And Cheapest Steel (Red), The Criteria Are Shown In Black How to cite Steel Making Methods, Essay examples